Renewable zero- and near-zero (ZNZ) emission fuels are often viewed by ship operators as a costly solution still years away. However, a new report developed in collaboration with Envision suggests the transition could happen much faster than many in the industry anticipate.
Fabio Cococcetta, Product Manager – Engines, explores the report’s key findings and what they mean for the future of maritime decarbonization.Even under a relatively moderate carbon pricing regime, the study shows how green ammonia bunkered at today’s price (bunkered at ports in eastern China) is already capable of narrowing the operational cost gap with conventional fuels.
And across a vessel lifetime, as green fuel costs reduce and regulatory levers tighten, it could outperform other fuels economically.
The ammonia edge
Ammonia benefits from practical advantages that competing green fuels lack. It produces no CO2 at the point of combustion and eliminates sulphur and particulate emissions altogether. Unlike many alternative fuels still struggling with supply chain immaturity, ammonia is already a globally traded commodity with established storage and distribution infrastructure at ports worldwide.
Challenges remain, particularly around crew training, bunkering and safety standards - but the operational frameworks needed to support wider adoption are already being developed. Importantly, the first commercial ammonia-powered vessels enter service this year, providing the industry with real-world operational experience and data.
Why scale matters
As with all new fuels, the economics become more compelling as production scales. Green ammonia currently remains significantly more expensive than conventional marine fuels, but large renewable-powered production projects are already beginning to close the gap.
Envision Energy’s green hydrogen and ammonia facility in the Gobi Desert, powered by large-scale wind and solar generation, is expected to produce 320,000 tonnes annually before scaling to 1.5 million tonnes by 2028. Based on Envision’s projections, green ammonia prices could fall from around US$710 per tonne towards parity with grey ammonia, currently at approximately US$400 per tonne.
Regulation impacts the economic case
Unlike VLSFO, however, green ammonia falls the right side of regulatory regimes. This matters because even with the scaling of green fuels, regulation remains an important driver of the transition away from conventional fuels.
Within the European Union, this pressure already exists through FuelEU Maritime, which steadily increases the financial exposure of high-emitting vessels. Beyond Europe, additional regional carbon-pricing mechanisms are also being considered. While the IMO’s proposed Net Zero Framework remains unresolved, those regional regimes are more likely to be introduced - with material impact for operators on net fuel cost and administrative complexity.
Opex savings already stack up
Even under today’s assumptions, the economics are beginning to favour green ammonia. Analysis by WinGD and Envision suggests that a typical ammonia-fuelled bulk carrier and container vessel operating with ammonia priced at US$710 per tonne could still cost around US$6 million and US$7 million less respectively than equivalent VLSFO-fuelled vessels over the first eight-year phase of the IMO framework.
The longer-term economics become even more compelling. Looking beyond the initial compliance period and towards the IMO’s 2050 net-zero target, the cost advantage of green ammonia strengthens over a full vessel lifecycle. Compared with VLSFO-fuelled vessels, WinGD’s analysis indicates that ammonia-powered container ships could reduce operating expenditure by more than US$50 million over their operational life, while ammonia-fuelled bulk carriers could reduce OPEX by approximately US$28 million.
These calculations exclude any future reward mechanism for zero- or near-zero-emission fuels, which would further strengthen the commercial case.
Emerging strategic value
Further efficiency gains are likely. Widespread use of green fuels in auxiliary engines, alongside technologies such as power take-off (PTO) systems supplying onboard electrical demand, could significantly reduce lifecycle carbon costs. These innovations would further embed the economics of green ammonia as a marine fuel.
For now, shipowners planning the future fuel mix of their global fleets must weigh significant uncertainties. With the first ammonia-powered ships entering service this year, at least some of those uncertainties will start to be answered. As production scales, carbon pricing expands and shipowners look beyond short-term fuel costs towards lifetime compliance exposure, green ammonia is already moving from a theoretical future fuel to a commercially credible one.
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